11 November 2025, Volume 47 Issue 11
  
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  • Development of Sand Control Strategies and Key Containment Technologies for the Area of Yellow River’s Great Bend

    ZHANG Hongwu, YU Wuyang, SHI Cuixiang, GAO Lina, CHENG Xianwen, LI Junlong, ZHU Yuhang
    2025, 47(11): 1-12.
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    The Kubuqi Desert, located within the inner rim of the Yellow River’s Great Bend, straddles the central part of the top-ten Kongduis gully. It is a key national area for soil and water loss control in the Yellow River Basin and a priority zone for the Three-North Shelterbelt Program. It serves as a major source of sediment entering into the Yellow River from the Ordos Plateau. In order to reduce the amount of wind-blown sand entering the river, targeted sand control strategies and key sediment containment technologies must be developed. Building on our previous study of “Principle and Scientific Inquiry into Aeolian Sand Arresting in the Yellow River’s Great Bend Region”, this paper proposed a sand management approach based on “increasing integral resistance along the most stable sand ridge line through engineering measures while reducing drag on the surface of sand-control structures”, guided by the implementation principles of “adapting to local conditions, coordinated layout, using local materials and repurposing waste”. Focusing on challenges such as the technical difficulty of sand control, unpredictable wind directions, high cost of containment projects and poor stability of sand barriers, we identified three key technical problems to be addressed. By resolving issues including the difficulty in controlling bedload transport, high costs of wind-sand containment works, and low efficiency and high expense of emergency erosion control, we developed a series of innovative sand containment technologies such as “Salix + iron sheet composite barriers”, “triangular steep slope sand sliding control”, “FRP prefabricated component composite barriers”, “group-pile netting barriers” and “hose sand barriers”, along with auxiliary techniques like “group-pile netting”. Diverse containment structures were deployed along the planned project alignment, forming a large-scale “Great Wall of Wind-Sand Resistance” and preventing particle deposition on dune crest. By leveraging the wind-flow interference effects of these structures, we optimized deposition volume and distribution patterns on leeward slopes, effectively curbing the expansion and migration of mobile dunes. In addition, we successfully developed the “Salix-bundle emergency windbreak and erosion mitigation technique”, which offered advantages such as low cost, rapid response and ease of operation.

  • Review and Prospect of Hydrometeorological Forecasting Model Technology in the Yellow River Basin

    JIANG Yunzhong, LIU Ke, YANG Mingxiang
    2025, 47(11): 13-19.
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    Modeling technologies constitute the cornerstone for enhancing hydrometeorological forecasting precision and timeliness in the Yellow River Basin. This study systematically reviewed current advancements in forecasting models adapted to the basin’s complex underlying surfaces and intensive anthropogenic disturbances, with critical evaluations of: a) localized improvements in numerical weather prediction models (e.g., WRF and CMA-MESO); b) operational implementations of hydrological models (Xinanjiang, HEC-HMS, SWAT, VIC and distributed physical models); c) coupled hydrometeorological modeling applications; and d) AI integrated innovations (deep learning and hybrid models). The analysis particularly highlighted the models’ capabilities and limitations in addressing unique specific challenges in the Yellow River Basin, including complex climate, large-scale soil and water conservation projects, and high-frequency reservoir regulation. Future pathways emphasized the development direction of hydrometeorological coupling of large artificial intelligence models, collectively contributing to the development of more accurate, intelligent and reliable forecasting systems for this strategically important basin.

  • Analysis of Green Collaborative Development and Its Diagnosis of Obstacle Factors in the Yellow River

    HA Meifang, SUI Mingqiang, HUANG Yihan, HOU Chenxiang
    2025, 47(11): 20-27.
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    In order to provide theoretical support for policy formulation related to ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, based on the analysis of connotation and mechanism of green collaborative development, this study built a green development evaluation index system comprising four dimensions (economic greenness, social greenness, environmental greenness and governmental support) and eight subsystems (economic growth, industrial structure, green lifestyle, social coordination, pollution reduction and resources efficiency, resources endowment, environmental control and infrastructure). Taking 61 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin as the research sample and the period 2005-2022 as the study period, we adopted the coupling coordination model, regional coordination model and obstacle degree model to measure the coupling coordination level among the subsystems and the regional coordination level, and diagnosed obstacle factors. The results show that a) the coupling coordination level among the subsystems of green development in the Yellow River Basin has increased year by year, yet remained relatively low by the end of the study period (on the verge of imbalance), with significant differences among regions. b) The regional coordination level of green development is generally low, at a barely coordinated stage, and the ranking of subsystem coordination levels by the end of the study period is as follows: resources endowment, green lifestyle, pollution reduction and resources efficiency, economic growth, environmental control, infrastructure, social coordination and industrial structure (ranging from well-coordinated, primary coordination, primary coordination, barely coordinated, verge of imbalance, verge of imbalance, mild imbalance and moderate imbalance respectively). c) Among the eight subsystems, infrastructure, environmental control and social coordination are the main obstacle factors to green collaborative development, while among the four dimensions, governmental support emerges as the key to enhancing collaborative green development in the Yellow River Basin. Accordingly, this study recommends: Strengthening the comprehensiveness and integrality of green development, increasing governmental support for infrastructure construction and environmental control, promoting urban-rural integration and social coordination, enhancing environmental greenness and advancing pollution reduction and resources efficiency.

  • Research on the Path of Promoting High Quality Economic Development in the Yellow River Basin Through Scientific and Technological Cooperation

    QIAN Jin
    2025, 47(11): 28-33.
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    Scientific and technological collaboration provides foundational support for high-quality economic development. By continuously introducing new technologies and methods, it enhances production efficiency, reduces costs, promotes industrial upgrading and injects new vitality into high-quality economic growth. In the Yellow River Basin, the industrial technology level has been steadily rising, the scale of scientific and technological expenditure continues to expand, the number of patent applications and grants is increasing steadily and the mechanisms for scientific collaboration are improving. However, there are also challenges, such as an overly heavy industrial structure, insufficient innovation capacity, unbalanced economic development among provinces (regions), and a weak foundation for industrial division of labor and collaboration. To this end, this paper proposed pathways for scientific and technological collaboration to drive high-quality economic development in the Yellow River Basin: Strengthening institutional safeguards for collaboration, elevating the industrial capacity of collaboration, enhancing the effectiveness of collaborative platforms and fully leveraging the role of talent in scientific collaboration.

  • Exploration on the Philosophy and Practice of “Method,Theory, Legislation and Daoism” in the Management of the Yellow River 

    ZHAO Nan, DENG Mingjiang, ZHAO Di, MING Guanghui
    2025, 47(11): 34-40.
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    Based on the development of method, theory and the legislation in the process of Yellow River management, this paper proposed the philosophical concept of “Method, Theory, Legislation and Daoism” in Yellow River management, analyzed the basic principles and rules of dialectical materialism reflected in it, and demonstrated its philosophical scientificity, rationality and the dialectical relationship between them. Through reviewing the ancient river management ideas, analyzing the People’s Yellow River management at different stages, and comprehending the profound essence of the new era’s water management ideas in Yellow River management, we aimed to explore the concepts of “Method, Theory, Legislation and Daoism” in it, exploring its dialectical development in the practice of Yellow River control in various historical periods. Analyzing that the Yellow River control is a comprehensive process of the method progress, the ideological development, and the legislation improvement, which is a historical practice of the coordinated development of “Method, Theory, Legislation and Daoism”. The protection and management of the Yellow River should innovate the method of river management, study the theory of water management, clarify the legislation of watershed harnessing and follow the Daoism of harmonious coexistence between humans and water.

  • Analysis and Modification of Einstein Formula for Movable Bed Resistance of Flowing Rivers

    SHI Cuixiang, ZHANG Hongwu, LIU Xiaomin, BU Hailei
    2025, 47(11): 41-49.
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    Research on movable bed resistance is a pivotal subject in river dynamics. Building upon a review of the current state of movable bed resistance studies in alluvial rivers, this paper identified issues in Einstein mobile bed resistance formula. First, the original empirical curve did not cover the high-energy regime. The second was that the hydraulic radius of the sand particles in the Yellow River calculated by trial was approximately 30% greater than the measured water depth, resulting in a physical paradox where the hydraulic radius of the sand waves calculated according to the definition formula of hydraulic radius division was negative. By expanding the dataset with measured Yellow River data, the empirical curve was extrapolated, and a new relational expression was fitted. The analysis using field data demonstrates the applicability of Einstein formula: it remains valid for international rivers where the hydraulic radius of sand waves is non-negative and the hydraulic parameter exceeds 0.3. After appropriate modifications, the formula is preliminarily applicable to the lower Yellow River. By introducing Zhang Hongwu’s longitudinal stability index relationship for riverbeds to estimate the bed slope-replacing the measured water surface slope-the validation accuracy of the formula improved while reducing the frequency of negative sand wave hydraulic radii. This confirms that Einstein movable bed resistance formula, following refinement, is applicable to relevant calculations for the Lower Yellow River.

  • Analysis of the Joint Sediment Discharge Operation of Wanjiazhai and Longkou Reservoirs in 2022

    DUAN Wenlong, CANG Bo
    2025, 47(11): 50-54.
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    In order to restore reservoir storage capacity, a joint sediment discharge operation was implemented at the Wanjiazhai and Longkou reservoirs from August 30 to September 7， 2022. The key findings include: a) Wanjiazhai Reservoir achieves a scouring volume of 26.65 million tons with a sediment discharge ratio (SDR) of 935.42%, while Longkou Reservoir discharges 43.09 million tons (SDR: 144.40%). Their combined SDR reaches to 1 350.78%, significantly recovering storage capacity. b) Compared to 2011-2018 operations, post-2018 flushing efficiency is improved markedly. The SDR of Wanjiazhai Reservoir has shown a significant growth trend. Longkou Reservoir has changed from siltation to scouring, and the combined sediment discharge effect has been optimized. c) During the 40-hour drawdown operation period at Sanmenxia Reservoir, the SDR reaches to 995.78% (scouring: 27.599 9 million tons), whereas the SDR of Xiaolangdi Reservoir is only 3.99% SDR (deposition: 38.91 million tons). d) The overall siltation in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is 1.809 7 million tons (SDR: 32.2%). It is suggested to optimize the timing and discharge parameters for the joint operation of reservoir groups on the main river channel to enhance overall sediment reduction benefits.

  • Ice Flood Disaster Risk Assessment of the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Based on Unascertained-SPA Method

    DENG Yu, JIANG Lu, WANG Juan
    2025, 47(11): 55-59.
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    In view of the issue of information deficiency caused by the uncertainty and complexity of the risk factors of ice flood disasters, the unascertained measure theory was employed to convert the uncertain information into a comprehensive evaluation measure vector with relatively certain information. Subsequently, combined with the set pair analysis method capable of handling the relationship between certainty and uncertainty, an ice flood disaster risk assessment model based on the unascertained set pair method was established, thereby achieving the risk assessment of ice flood disasters in the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River. The results indicate that Togtoh County belongs to a low-risk area, Jungar Banner belongs to a high-risk area, and Qingshuihe County belongs to a medium-risk area. The evaluation results are basically consistent with the actual dangerous situations in each region, providing a new method and scientific and technological support for the risk assessment of ice flood disasters in the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River.

  • Gradient Boosting-Based Forecasting Model for Characteristic Dates of Ice Regime

    CHEN Qingxian, SUN Chao, TUO Youcai, LU Xinchuan, LI Jia, HUANG Wendian
    2025, 47(11): 60-64.
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    Accurate forecasting characteristic dates of ice regime is an extremely important aspect of winter ice disasters prevention and dispatching work in reservoirs. In order to meet the demands of winter ice prevention regulation work at the Wanjiazhai Reservoir, classification model and regression model for the Toudaoguai hydrological station section based on the gradient boosting algorithm were developed. The performances of the two types of models were compared and evaluated, and the SHAP interpreter was used to analyze the test results. The results show that the test accuracy of the ice floe date, river closure date and river opening date of the classification model all achieves Grade A, which effectively solves the problem of insufficient model accuracy caused by the lack of training samples. Furthermore, the forecast accuracy of the classification model is significantly better than that of the regression model, suggesting that the prediction of characteristic dates of ice regime can be approached as a classification issue. Air temperature is the most important factor contributing to the prediction of river icing characteristic dates, with a contribution of over 70%.

  • Research on the Relationship Between Water Shortage of the Yellow River and the Demand for Regulating Capacity of Cascade Reservoirs

    XIE Zundang, LU Jun, FANG Hongbin, QIAN Yu, LIU Bojun
    2025, 47(11): 65-70.
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    Reservoir is the key tool for regulating water resources in river basin. The Yellow River Basin is short of water resources. A large number of reservoirs have been built. Studying the regulating capacity of reservoirs and clarifying the relationship between “water shortage” and “reservoir shortage” in the basin are of great significance for supporting the construction of major key control projects in the basin. Based on the measured runoff and natural runoff data of the Yellow River, in this paper, water resources supply and demand analysis method and reservoir group regulation calculation method were employed to analyze the characteristics of basin water inflow and water consumption, clarify the basin water shortage situation and the distribution of reservoirs regulation storage. Also, the issues and improvement measures of the existing reservoir group regulation was proposed. The results show that the water resources endowment of the Yellow River Basin is poor, in the meanwhile, the temporal and spatial distribution of the basin water resources is uneven. The water shortage covers both water use outside rivers and ecological environment water inside the river channel. The existing reservoirs have uneven distribution of regulated storage capacity, which limits flood season regulation capacity and makes the issues in water and sediment regulation, ice prevention and optimal water resources allocation prominent. Thus, the Yellow River, not only suffers from water shortage, but also lacks reservoir in key locations. The Heishanxia Reservoir construction is of great significance for coordinating the relationship between water and sediment and optimizing water resources allocation, and also an important measure to alleviate the predicament of the Yellow River Basin.

  • Analysis of Water Security Pattern in Gansu Province Based on the InVEST Model

    WU Mingyan, REN Yangan, WANG Xiaojuan, ZHANG Yaqun, ZENG Xiaochun, WEN Chengcheng
    2025, 47(11): 71-78.
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    Clarifying water security patterns plays an important role in the sustainable management of water resources and the protection of ecological environment. Based on the five periods of land use data from 2000 to 2020, the spatial and temporal characteristics of water supply, water demand and water resources risk zones in Gansu Province were explored by using the InVEST model, the supply and demand index method and the spatial correlation model, and the spatial correlation analyses of water resources risk zones were carried out by means of the global Moran’s index and the local Moran’s index. The results show that during the 21 years, the spatial distribution pattern of water production in Gansu Province shows high in the southeast and low in the northwest, and the water production shows a good trend of increasing year by year; the high value areas of water demand are mainly concentrated in the urban built-up areas and the agricultural concentration zones in the Hexi oasis, and the water demand is relatively balanced in different periods; the high-risk areas of water resources are mainly located in Hexi Corridor area, and the low-risk areas are located in the east Longnan area and near the northern foot of Qilian Mountains; the water resources risk areas, water demand and water production all show strong spatial correlation in their spatial distribution.

  • Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Shaanxi Province Based on DSPR-Improved TOPSIS Model

    XIANG Yang, LI Zhijun
    2025, 47(11): 79-84.
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    In order to provide a rational development of water resources and guidance for the regional coordinated development, based on the DPSR framework, the water resources carrying capacity evaluation system was constructed, using the TOPSIS based on the improved G1-CRITIC method and the obstacle degree model to analysis water resources carrying capacity is and main obstacle factors in Shaanxi Province from 2010 to 2019.The results show that using the improved G1 method and CRITIC method to calculate combined weights can carry out more reasonable evaluation of water resources carrying capacity; In the study period, the closeness degree of water resources carrying capacity is increased from 0.366 to 0.516, showing an overall fluctuating upward trend, reaching level “Ⅱ” in 2019 . The main obstacle factors in the region are concentrated in the driving force subsystem, among which the main obstacle indicators are urbanization rate, population density, and yearly rainfall. From 2010 to 2019, the water resources carrying capacity of Shaanxi Province is dramatically improved, but there is still great potential for improvement, future regional development should focus on the relevant indicators of the driving force subsystem, synthetically enhancing the carrying capacity of water resources to achieve sustainable and high-quality development.

  • Analysis of Water Situation Evolution and Water Demand of Henan Province

    MA Fangfang, ZHANG Xiuyu, MA Sha, YAN An, LI Xinsheng, XIA Fan, YANG Menghao
    2025, 47(11): 85-90.
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    In order to clarify the changes in the water use structure in Henan Province and identify the evolution characteristics of future water demand processes, this study conducted an in-depth analysis of total water consumption and structural changes based on Henan’s water use statistics from 2003 to 2023. It explored the relationship between key socioeconomic indicators and water use processes to elucidate the patterns of changes in water consumption in Henan. Linear trend analysis and per capita social water demand quota methods were employed to forecast the future scale of water demand. The results reveal that a) from 2003 to 2023, the total water resources in Henan Province exhibits a non-significant declining trend, while total water consumption shows a fluctuating upward trend. The proportion of water used in agriculture and industry has generally shown a decreasing trend, while the proportion of water used in daily life and ecology has shown an increasing trend. b) The linear trend method predicts a total water demand of 21.475 billion m3 for Henan in 2025 and 19.962 billion m3 in 2035. c) Based on the per capita social water demand quota method, it is predicted that the total water demand in Henan Province will be 22.029 billion m3 in 2025 and 20.421 billion m3 in 2035. The close agreement between these two forecasting methods enhances the reliability of the predictions, providing valuable data references for future water resources management in Henan Province.

  • Framework for the Building of Watershed Ecological Flow Regulation System and Its Application Practice in Shaying River

    WEI Yujie, ZUO Qiting, TAO Jie
    2025, 47(11): 91-95.
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    For the scientific guidance of ecological flow regulation at the watershed scale, a comprehensive framework for establishing an integrated ecological flow regulation system was developed. This framework was built through systematic integration of the basin’s water resources supply-demand dynamics, ecological environment status, socioeconomic development indicators and ecological flow target requirements at critical control sections. The framework included the formulation of regulation objectives, delineation of jurisdictional boundaries, enhancement of monitoring networks, establishment of early warning mechanism, standardization of operational procedures and development of implementation protocols. Taking the Shaying River Basin as an example, ecological flow regulation practices were carried out. Based on the Tennant method, the average flow of the driest month over the past ten years, and the wetted perimeter method, the ecological base flow target (4.3 m3/s) at the Zhoukou section of the Shaying River was determined. The regulation scope and routes in the Shaying River Basin were established, regulation monitoring sections were set, ecological flow warning thresholds were defined, and regulation plans were formulated. Finally, the effectiveness of the regulation practices was evaluated. The results show that after the implementation of the regulation system, the ecological flow guarantee rate of the Zhoukou section reaches 90% from 2019 to 2023, and the ecological flow regulation effect is good, verifying the effectiveness of the regulation system.

  • Spatiotemporal Evolution of Water Quality in Qingshui River in Henan Section of Yangtze-to-Huaihe Water Diversion Project

    GUO Zhenli, WEI Panqin, WANG Hui, LIU Xiaoyan, ZHANG Min, HOU Jiaojian
    2025, 47(11): 96-101.
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    The Henan Section of the Yangtze-to-Huaihe Water Diversion Project serves as a critical hub for inter-basin water transfer, and the changes in its water quality play a significant role in regional water resources security and ecological balance. This study focused on the surface water and groundwater of the Qingshui River. Based on the monitoring data collected from October 2022 to June 2024 (7 rounds of surface water sampling and 10 rounds of groundwater sampling) and employing the Mann-Kendall trend test (to quantify abrupt water quality changes) and Spearman correlation analysis (to reveal indicator interrelationships), it systematically analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution patterns of water quality. The results indicate that the surface water exhibits a high compliance rate for the permanganate index (100%). However, exceedances are observed for pH, fluoride and total phosphorus, among which, in January 2024, the concentration of NH3-N is increased sharply to 3.77 mg/L (exceeding the standard by 277%). The overall quality of groundwater is generally superior to that of surface water， although occasional exceedances of standards for total hardness and chloride were observed at the 46+100 sections. Fluctuations in groundwater pH show a significant association with fertilization periods. The changes in water quality are jointly influenced by the dilution effect of the project’s water diversion, agricultural non-point source pollution (nitrogen and phosphorus inputs during fertilization periods) and seasonal hydrological fluctuations.

  • Spatial Collaborative Measurement and Dynamic Evolution of Water Environment Governance Policies in the Yellow River Basin

    TIAN Kang, LIU Baijun, DING Yafei, WEI Yuxiang
    2025, 47(11): 102-107.
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    The consistency and coherence of water environment control policies in the Yellow River Basin can maximize the control efficiency. Taking the water environment control policies of the Yellow River Basin as the research object and employing a coupling coordination model, Euclidean distance discrimination and entropy weight method, the paper calculated the vertical and horizontal spatial synergy degrees and the comprehensive spatial synergy degrees from 2013 to 2022, and analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution. The results indicate that vertical spatial coordination generally exhibits an upward trend across provinces (regions), with Qinghai maintaining the most stable growth. However, Inner Mongolia experiences a decline in vertical spatial coordination between 2015 and 2018. Horizontal spatial coordination across provinces (regions) displays an overall downward trend, with only Inner Mongolia experiencing an increase between 2015 and 2018. Shandong and Shanxi exhibit a more gradual decline, whereas the remaining provinces experience more pronounced decreases. Comprehensive spatial coordination across all provinces (regions) remains largely stable, with only Qinghai exhibiting notable fluctuations while maintaining a steady upward trajectory.

  • Pilot Study on the Treatment of Domestic Sewage by the Combined Anaerobic and Surface Flow Wetland System

    YANG Yong, FENG Xianlu, WANG Changjiang
    2025, 47(11): 108-113.
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    In view of the water eutrophication and ecological environmental damage that may result from the discharge of domestic sewage without effective treatment, this study developed an anaerobic-surface flow wetland system and investigated its efficiency in removing organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus from domestic sewage at a pilot scale, along with the key influencing factors. The system consisted of an anaerobic tank coupled with three stages of surface flow wetlands planted with reeds, calamus and cattails. The hydraulic retention times (HRT) were set at 5 and 7 days. The results demonstrate that extending the HRT to 7 days can improve COD and TN removal rates, while the impact on TP removal is minimal. The system achieves removal efficiencies of 80%, 60%, 60%-80%, 60%-80% and 70% for COD, TN, NH4+-N, NO3--N and TP respectively, with significant contributions from the constructed wetlands. COD removal is primarily dependent on substrate adsorption and microbial degradation in the wetlands. TN removal is mainly driven by anaerobic denitrification and the synergistic effect at the rhizosphere of the wetland plants, while TP removal is achieved through a combination of substrate adsorption, plant uptake and microbial transformation. Among the different plant species in the wetlands, reed demonstrates the best overall performance in pollutant removal. The three-level wetland system, primarily consisting of reeds, calamus and cattails has substantially improved the overall efficiency and operational stability of the system.

  • Temporal and Spatial Variations and Influencing Mechanisms of Water Conservation in the Qingshui River Basin Based on InVEST Model

    LI Haijun, MA Wensi
    2025, 47(11): 114-120.
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    In order to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics and key driving factors of water conservation capacity in arid river basins, this study took the Qingshui River Basin as the research area and used the InVEST model to simulate water conservation in the basin from 2000 to 2020, measuring the temporal and spatial distribution features of water conservation functions within the basin. Additionally, the study combined single-factor detection and dual-factor interaction detection by using the geographic detector to identify the significant driving factors influencing water conservation functions and the intensity of their synergistic effects. The results indicate that the water conservation of the Qingshui River basin exhibits a spatial pattern of “high upstream and low downstream”, with an average annual water conservation capacity of 7.4-11.7 mm. Over the 20-year period, the basin’s overall water conservation capacity shows a slight decline. Precipitation is the core single factor influencing water conservation capacity, followed by potential evapotranspiration and NDVI. The interaction of dual factors generally has a greater impact on watershed water conservation capacity than single factors, with the interaction between precipitation and NDVI exhibiting the highest explanatory power.

  • Study on the Calculation Method of Soil and Water Conservation Carbon Sink in Terraced Fields Based on Changing Soil Sampling Depth

    XU Jia, MA Hongbin, LI Zhiguang, CHENG Hui, LI Pengfei, BAI Huarui
    2025, 47(11): 121-125.
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    Given the previous underestimation of terraced field carbon sinks due to the neglect of the difference in the thickness of surface soil loss between sloping farmland and terraced fields during the project accounting period, in order to deepen the understanding of the mechanism of terraced field soil and water conservation carbon sinks and explore a more scientific and reasonable method for calculating terraced field soil and water conservation carbon sinks, a method was proposed to calculate the soil erosion modulus and the thickness of surface soil losses during the project accounting period of the baseline scenario (sloping farmland) and the project scenario (terraced field) based on the Chinese Soil Loss Equation and the results of dynamic monitoring of soil and water loss, and to determine the sampling depth of surface soil for the two scenarios respectively, and then calculated the carbon sink of terraced field soil and water conservation. Taking the 20-year level terraced fields in Wuqi County of gullied rolling loess area as an example for calculation, the results show that a) soil erosion on sloping farmland, especially in the gullied rolling loess areas is severe. If the difference in the thickness of surface soil loss between sloping farmland and terraced fields during the project accounting period is ignored, the carbon sink of terraced fields will be underestimated. b) Considering the difference in the thickness of surface soil loss between sloping farmland and terraced fields during the project accounting period, the carbon emissions of sloping farmland and terraced fields during the project accounting period calculated by the method of changing soil sampling depth are 2.45 and 0.18 t/hm2 respectively, the soil carbon storage is 82.22 and 141.63 t/hm2 respectively, the carbon conservation of terraced fields is 2.27 t/hm2, the carbon sink increase is 59.41 t/hm2, and the total carbon sink is 61.68 t/hm2. The calculated carbon sink is 104% larger than that the calculation result without considering the difference in the thickness of surface soil loss between the two scenarios.

  • Review of Anti-Evaporation Technology for Large Water Bodies and Exploration of Application Strategies

    WANG Shaolei, SHI Kebin, YAN Xinjun, HAN Kewu, DUAN Zongle, BAHAGULI Shajiti
    2025, 47(11): 126-132.
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    The shortage of water resources has become a global challenge, which seriously restricts the economic development and social stability of water-deficient areas. The evaporation loss of water bodies is a major cause of this phenomenon. In order to solve the issue of evaporation loss, domestic and foreign scholars have been constantly exploring effective measures to suppress water surface evaporation to improve the utilization rate of water resources. At present, the most commonly used technologies are chemical reagent method and biological measure method, physical material covering method and  floating photovoltaic technology covering method and so on. In this paper, the published research results were reviewed, and the characteristics, main advantages and disadvantages of common technologies were summarized. From the current research results and comprehensive benefits, the physical material covering method is the most suitable anti-evaporation technology for large-scale application, and its inhibition rate of water evaporation is up to 90% or more. If it is combined with photovoltaic technology to achieve the dual benefits of power generation and reduction of water evaporation, it should be the focus of future research by scholars. In addition, in order to realize the sustainable development of water resources, we not only need to pay attention to economic benefits, but also need to fully consider ecological benefits.

  • Construction of Knowledge Graph for Intelligent Operation and Maintenance of Cascade Pump Stations

    XIE Jinping1, LI Zhe1, ZHONG Qianyou2, 3, FU Chao1, LIU Min1
    2025, 47(11): 133-138.
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    Operational knowledge of cascade pumping station groups is typically recorded in textual form, characterized by large volumes and severe fragmentation, making data mining applications difficult. To address this issue, a method for intelligently mining pumping station group operational knowledge from unstructured data was proposed. By integrating Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory networks (BiLSTM), Conditional Random Fields (CRF), and Word Vectors, an entity recognition model for the operation and maintenance of cascade pumping station groups was established to identify entity types in the text. The BERT-BiGRU-Attention model was used to extract relationships between entities. By utilizing the Neo4j database, a knowledge graph for the operation and maintenance of cascade pumping station groups was constructed, converting large-scale unstructured data into structured knowledge and clarifying the logical relationships between knowledge elements. The model and knowledge graph were practically applied by using the cascade pumping station showes of the Shandong main line in the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project as an example. Application situation showes that the proposed method can accurately identify and extract entities and relationships in the operation and maintenance text of pumping station groups. Based on the knowledge graphs, it realizes the visualization and efficient utilization of knowledge, intelligently recommends optimization schemes for the operation of cascade pumping station groups, and provides support for improving the efficiency of pumping station group operation and maintenance.

  • Prediction of Landslide Risk Level Based on Multiple Machine Learning Algorithms and D-S Evidence Theory

    WANG Yinsheng, LU Haolei, LI Yongqiang, WU Honggang, QIU Daohong
    2025, 47(11): 139-143.
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    Aiming at the issue that it was difficult to ensure the reliability of the prediction results when a single machine learning algorithm predicted the landslide risk level, a landslide risk level prediction model based on multiple machine learning algorithms and D-S evidence theory was built. Based on data from 1 644 landslide locations in a certain region, 16 influencing factors including distance from rivers, distance from roads, land use type and water flow intensity indexes were statistically analyzed. Principal Component Analysis was applied to reduce the dimensionality of the data. Using D-S evidence theory, machine learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Back Propagation (BP) neural network, Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network, Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) were integrated. This fusion model was then applied to practical landslide risk level assessment. The results show that the fusion model achieves a prediction accuracy of 81.66%. All five algorithms predict the risk levels of at least two points wrongly, while the fusion model can achieve more accurate predictions, with only one point prediction error, improving the accuracy and reliability of landslide risk level prediction.

  • Construction Ideas and Practices of the Digital Twin Water Resources Model Platform

    HE Ting, XIA Runliang, SONG Lixiang, DU Yingen, HU Yuying
    2025, 47(11): 144-148.
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    In order to promote the intensive construction of digital twin water conservancy professional models and enhance the reusability and scheme construction efficiency of the models, it explored the construction ideas and practice-applications of the digital twin water conservancy professional model platform. Based on the cloud-native model, it designed the platform architecture, proposed a component-based abstraction model for water conservancy professional models to achieve unified integration and management of water conservancy professional models, and proposed a cloud-based workflow simulation engine to achieve flexible orchestration and parallel computing of models. The ideas were applied to the construction of the Ministry of Water Resources digital twin model platform. The Ministry of Water Resources digital twin model platform was used to conduct the simulation of the typical flood No.2 in the Beijiang River in 2024 and the review practice of the catastrophic flood happened in July 2023 in the Haihe River Basin. The application results verify that the model platform construction ideas proposed in this paper can achieve standardized centralized management of digital twin water conservancy professional models, simplify the model construction process and enhance the reusability of the models.

  • Research on the Application of Microbial Concrete in Repairing Surface Erosion of Reservoir Spillway Floors

    HOU Jianqiang
    2025, 47(11): 149-153.
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    In order to investigate the feasibility of using microbial concrete to repair hydraulic concrete damaged by freeze-thaw erosion, experimental studies were conducted on the compressive strength, frost resistance, impermeability and softening coefficient of microbial concrete. Building on the laboratory research, engineering application studies were also carried out. The results indicate that microbial concrete exhibits excellent compressive strength, impermeability and frost resistance, withstanding over 500 freeze-thaw cycles. At a reservoir in Shanxi Province, microbial concrete was used to repair the surface of the spillway floor damaged by freeze-thaw erosion. The actual concrete strength far exceeded the design requirements, demonstrating outstanding freeze-thaw resistance and even self-healing effects on concrete cracks. This proves that microbial concrete is highly effective in repairing surface concrete damaged by freeze-thaw erosion, offering a new approach for the restoration of freeze-thaw eroded hydraulic concrete in water conservancy projects in severely cold regions.

  • Research on Financing Strategy of REITs Mode for Urban and Rural Water Supply Integration Project Based on Tripartite Evolutionary Game

    GUAN Yun, DUAN Shunqiong, GU Fanqi, WANG Jing
    2025, 47(11): 154-162.
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    In order to explore the financing strategy of REITs mode for integrated urban-rural water supply projects more accurately, based on the tripartite evolutionary game theory, a tripartite evolutionary game model of the government, enterprises and water recipients was build. It analyzed the strategic stability of participating entities in different scenarios during the financing process, verified five stable equilibrium scenarios under specific conditions using Matlab2024a software, and used numerical simulation to analyze the impact of various parameters of REITs financing on the evolutionary results. The results indicate that the optimal stable equilibrium scenario is when the government does not adopt incentive measures, enterprises participate in investment and water users use water supply services. This scenario can alleviate government financing pressure and promote the sustainable development of REITs mode. In order to achieve the optimal stable equilibrium scenario, the government must improve regulatory efficiency, formulate incentive measures, and increase tax incentives and subsidies in the early stage of the project, so that the REITs mode can mature in the middle and later stages, enterprise profits can be improved. When there are no incentive measures from the government, enterprises are still willing to participate in investment.
Monthly, started in 1949
Governed by:
Ministry of Water Resources, the People's Republic of China
Sponsored by:
Yellow River Conservancy Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources
Published by: Editorial Office of Yellow River
ISSN 1000-1379
CN 41-1128/TV
Distribution Code:
36-146 (Domestic)
M738 (Foreign)
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